What is a money market fund and how do they work? | Vanguard (2024)

FAQs

What is a money market fund and how do they work? | Vanguard? ›

Money market funds are a type of mutual fund that invests in low-risk, short-term debt securities, such as Treasury bills, municipal debt, or corporate bonds. They're designed to offer a safe, stable investment option for money you may need to access in the short term, like an emergency fund or a short-term goal.

A money market fund is a type of mutual fund that invests in low-risk, short-term debt instruments such as U.S. Treasuries, commercial paper, and certificates of deposit (CDs). These funds offer investors high liquidity with a very low level of risk.

Money market funds are usually considered to be safe investments, but it's important to remember that these investments are intended for the short term. With maturities of 13 months or less, the funds stay liquid and allow you better access to your money than longer-term investments.

We found that the median money-market fund returned 4.2% over the past year, compared with 0.49% annualized over the 10 years before 2022. (All returns are presented after subtracting annual fees.)

U.S. government money market funds are typically regarded as the safest of the three, and within that category, those with a high concentration of Treasuries—with full government backing—would be exposed to a lower likelihood of default risk.

Indirectly losing money, however, is a downside of money market accounts. Indirect loss can occur if the interest rates tied to the account fall, thus diminishing the initial return value of your account.

The earnings from money market funds can come from interest income or capital gains, so they're taxed the same way as other investment income.

While some money market funds boast yields well above 4%, you don't want to put too much money into them, especially for long-term investing. Money market yields usually don't outpace inflation. And with the Fed planning to cut rates later this year, yields will likely decline.

Because they invest in fixed income securities, money market funds and ultra-short duration funds are subject to three main risks: interest rate risk, liquidity risk and credit risk.

Income earned from money market fund interest is taxed as regular income, up to 37% depending on the investor's tax bracket. While some local and state taxes offer breaks on income earned from U.S. Treasury bonds, federal income tax still applies.

How much money should you keep in a money market account? ›

Some money market accounts require minimum account balances for the higher rate of interest. Six to 12 months of living expenses are typically recommended for the amount of money that should be kept in cash in these types of accounts as emergency funds.

So, your money is never really stuck. However, MMAs sometimes charge small penalties if your balance drops below a certain amount or you make more withdrawals than agreed.

Money market funds can protect your assets during a recession, but only as a temporary fix and not for long-term growth. In times of economic uncertainty, money market funds offer liquidity for cash reserves that can help you build your portfolio.

Alternatives to money market funds, money market accounts, and savings accounts include: Certificates of deposit: CDs are term-based savings accounts that lock up your funds for a set time period in exchange for higher interest rates.

All investments are subject to market risk, including possible loss of principal. Retail Money Market Funds: You could lose money by investing in the Fund. Although the Fund seeks to preserve the value of your investment at $1.00 per share, it cannot guarantee it will do so.

Both CDs and MMAs are federally insured savings accounts, so they're equally safe. Up to at least $250,000 gets insured in your name across your individually owned accounts at one bank or credit union. (Learn more about federal deposit insurance.)

While some money market funds boast yields well above 4%, you don't want to put too much money into them, especially for long-term investing. Money market yields usually don't outpace inflation. And with the Fed planning to cut rates later this year, yields will likely decline.

Some money market accounts require minimum account balances for the higher rate of interest. Six to 12 months of living expenses are typically recommended for the amount of money that should be kept in cash in these types of accounts as emergency funds. Beyond that, not investing will mean missing potential earnings.

The 7-Day Yield represents the annualized fund yield based on the average income paid out over the previous seven days assuming interest income is not reinvested and it reflects the effect of all applicable waivers. Absent such waivers, the fund's yield would have been lower.